Stuart H. Isaacson, MD, FAAN

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, highlight novel administration routes for the management of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, examines the effectiveness of on-demand therapies to manage OFF episodes in Parkinson disease and highlights the importance of frequent monitoring and follow-up visits.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comments on the different routes of administration of on-demand therapies and medication absorption for the management of OFF episodes in Parkinson disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Laxman Bahroo, DO, review unmet needs in managing OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson Disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, provides insight on initiating treatment after the manifestation of OFF episodes and reviews current treatment options for Parkinson disease.

Drs Robert A. Hauser, Rajesh Pahwa, and Laxman Bahroo discuss factors to consider when approaching treatment selection for managing OFF episodes in Parkinson Disease.

Experts in movement disorders share the importance of multidisciplinary team collaboration for the management of OFF episodes and shared-decision making for treating Parkinson disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comment on therapeutic obstacles in treating OFF episodes and how to optimize the management of patients with Parkinson disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, leads a discussion on approaching conversations about ON and OFF episodes in Parkinson disease throughout a patient’s treatment journey.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD; Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA; and Laxman Bahroo, DO, provide insight on the challenges with motor and nonmotor symptoms of OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson Disease.

Drs Rajesh Pahwa, Robert A. Hauser, and Laxman Bahroo assess the awareness of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson Disease and comment on improving education and awareness among non-neurology clinicians and other health care providers.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD; Laxman Bahroo, DO; and Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, examine the impact of OFF episodes on patients and their families’ quality of life and discuss goals of therapy for Parkinson Disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, discusses the appearance of OFF episodes throughout progression of Parkinson disease.

Laxman Bahroo, DO, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, comment on the identification and presentation of OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

Robert A. Hauser, MD, MBA, and Rajesh Pahwa, MD, define the difference between ON time and OFF episodes for patients with Parkinson disease.

Rajesh Pahwa, MD, reviews the use of levodopa for the management of Parkinson disease symptoms.

Expert neurologists provide insight on how to decide on an on-demand therapy for Parkinson’s disease and provide some general advice.

Key opinion leaders explain the use of sublingual apomorphine and trimethobenzamide for Parkinson’s disease.

A panel of experts debate the disadvantages and side effects of apomorphine therapies for Parkinson’s disease.

A discussion on the use of apomorphine subcutaneous injections in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Neurologists debate the use of levodopa inhalation powder in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Physicians discuss when to add on-demand therapies to Parkinson’s disease management.

Key opinion leaders explain the important attributes to consider when choosing an on-demand therapy.

Experts debate the challenges of carbidopa/levodopa, and the relation between levodopa and the gut.

Panelists describe the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, linking symptoms to OFF episodes, and how to educate patients.

A discussion on how patients are evaluated for OFF episodes, by expert neurologists.

Physicians explain expected versus unexpected OFF episodes and the use of symptom diaries in managing Parkinson’s disease.

Key opinion leaders provide insight on how OFF episodes affect patients’ quality of life.

Expert neurologists discuss why OFF episodes happen and how soon they occur after starting levodopa.

Panelists have a conversation on the definition of OFF episodes in relation to Parkinson’s disease and how common OFF episodes are for patients.