Idiopathic Parkinson: Diagnosis of the Deceptive

DaTscan idiopathic Parkinson's disease.

The multifarious presentation of idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD) makes discriminating between other diseases with similar symptoms a challenge. Yet, identifying the correct diagnosis early in the course of the illness is critical, because each disease process has a different pathology, progression, and response to medication. For example, when only tremor is present, differentiation from essential tremor is relevant.

The emergence of Ioflupane I 123 Injection (DaTSCAN), as approved by the FDA within the past 2 years, provides clinicians with helpful information to differentiate IPD, with its deceptive nature, from other diseases.

IPD, a progressive neurological disorder, is characterized by selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Manifestations of clinical symptoms often do not occur until at least 60% of substantia nigra neurons are lost¹ or dopaminergic integrity is reduced significantly.²

Shared Symptoms

Although IPD may be the most prevalent form of parkinsonism, it shares symptoms with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), vascular parkinsonism, and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Symptoms of tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction can overlap-to a greater or lesser degree-in each of these disorders. Specific clinical symptoms, such as cerebellar signs in MSA, gaze palsy in PSP, and overt dementia and visual hallucinations in DLB, may manifest only at a later stage of the disease.

Molecular neuroimaging using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has allowed for direct visualization of functional systems in the living human brain. DaTSCAN is a radiopharmaceutical approved 2 years ago by the FDA with indications for “striatal dopamine transporter visualization using SPECT brain imaging to assist in the evaluation of adult patients with suspected Parkinsonian syndromes.” In these patients, DaTSCAN may be used to help differentiate essential tremor from tremor resulting from one of the parkinsonian syndromes (IDP, MSA, PSP). DaTSCAN is an adjunct to other diagnostic evaluations.

Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Imaging

DAT imaging offers certain advantages. First, DAT is largely limited to presynaptic membranes which, in the striatum, are predominantly the axonal terminals of substantia nigra neurons. Therefore, DAT allows direct visualization of the integrity of the neurons that appear most vulnerable to degeneration in IPD. Second, a minimum of metabolic processing, and therefore shorter incubation time during imaging, is possible.

Two derivatives are approved in Europe: I 123 beta CIT, marketed as Dopascan, and I123 Ioflupane, marketed as DaTSCAN. The DaTSCAN has been in use in Europe for 12 years, giving our European colleagues extensive experience with making full use of this marker.

The Value of Quantitative Analysis

One observation, based on the extensive experience in Europe, has been the value of quantitative or semiquantitative analysis. Visual interpretation of the DaTSCAN does not make full use of its capabilities. For example, when specific binding ratios relative to the occipital cortex are quantified (such as provided with the Hermes BRASS system), a Z-score derived from a normal database can be calculated. This has utility in differentiating accurately between Parkinson disease, which typically has an asymmetric dopaminergic denervation in the putamen and caudate, and non-parkinsonian causes of tremor, which show nonsignificant Z-scores. Such causes of tremor include medications and essential tremor.

Quantitative DaTSCAN analysis also is critical in the case of the positive DaTSCAN to assist in differentiation of IPD and other parkinsonian syndromes (MSA, DLB, PSP) that tend to have a symmetrical denervation. However, DaTSCAN cannot reliably distinguish these parkinsonian syndromes alone.

The European Association of Nuclear Medicine updated their procedure guidelines in 2010.³ The Society of Nuclear Medicine Brain Imaging Council recently released the procedure guidelines for DaTSCAN.⁴

Is Clinical Diagnosis Enough?

Still, some clinicians argue that their clinical diagnosis is sufficient. However, 2 considerations are worth noting.

First, Walker and colleagues⁵ demonstrated that the specificity of clinical diagnosis was considerably lower than that of DaTSCAN. Sensitivity of clinical diagnosis and DaTSCAN were similar at about 85%; however, specificity of DaTSCAN was 86% and that of clinical examination was only 50%. One example of a clinically deceptive situation is psychogenic or pharmacological tremor, which can be confused with IPD, leading to unnecessary treatment.

Second, the other parkinsonian syndromes can initially look clinically indistinguishable from IPD. DaTSCAN gives much more of a differentiation.

Using quantitative analysis can greatly enhance the diagnostic potential of DaTSCAN. Quantitative analysis of 2 cases-IPD and MSA-is shown in the Table.

A Superior Way to Differentiate

Classically, IPD can present with asymmetry in the loss of dopamine reuptake sites, manifested by DaTSCAN tracer binding. In this case, the binding is much lower on the left and there is a classic posterior to anterior gradient. In contrast, in the case of MSA, there is symmetrical binding. Note that a posterior to anterior gradient is still present. A superior way to differentiate IPD from the other parkinsonian syndromes is by a combination of DaTSCAN with perfusion SPECT or fluorodeoxyglucose PET.

Table: Quantitative analysis of DaTSCAN data relative to background levels of tracer uptake in the occipital cortex. Hermes BRASS analysis software.

References:

References

1. Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson’s disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 5):2283-2301.

2. Hilker R, Thomas AV, Klein JC, et al. Dementia in Parkinson disease: functional imaging of cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. Neurology. 2005;65:1716-1722.

3. Van Laere K, Varrone A, Booij J, et al. EANM procedure guidelines for brain neurotransmission SPECT/PET using dopamine D2 receptor ligands, version 2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:434-442.

4. Djang DS, Janssen MJ, Bohnen N, et al. SNM practice guideline for dopamine transporter imaging with 123I-ioflupane SPECT 1.0. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:154-163.

5. Walker Z, Jaros E, Walker RW, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies: a comparison of clinical diagnosis, FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography imaging and autopsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:1176-1181.