Treating Morning OFF Episodes in Parkinson’s Disease

Expert neurologist Peter A. LeWitt, MD, reflects on the challenges inherent in treating morning OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

A brief overview of clinically available on-demand therapies used to manage morning OFF episodes in patients with Parkinson disease.

Peter A. LeWitt, MD, considers the mechanism of action and use of levodopa inhalation powder in patients with Parkinson disease.

Expert insight on the mechanism of action and use of subcutaneous apomorphine hydrochloride in patients with Parkinson disease.

Peter A. LeWitt, MD, discusses the use of sublingual apomorphine hydrochloride compared with its subcutaneous formulation in Parkinson disease.

Closing out his review of on-demand therapies for morning OFF episodes in Parkinson disease, Peter A. LeWitt, MD, shares practical advice for community neurologists.